Fig. 8

Innovative electrospinning techniques for controlling fiber composition and structure. This figure presents a schematic representation of: A blend electrospinning; B emulsion electrospinning; C coaxial electrospinning; D parallel electrospinning; and E triaxial electrospinning. F Emulsion electrospinning is further showcased through images of fabricated fibers, including optical and fluorescence images of polyurethane electrospun fibers containing PVA/EGF-AF488 and PVA/BSA-TR particles. The core-sheath structure achieved by coaxial electrospinning is displayed in a G TEM image; while H hollow fibers produced by combining coaxial electrospinning with core layer removal are depicted in an SEM image. Furthermore, I a Janus structural fiber from parallel electrospinning is shown in a TEM image; and J a fiber in tube structure resulting from triaxial electrospinning and middle layer removal is exhibited in an SEM image. All images are reprinted with permission from [102].